![]() ![]() Most evident in addiction is behavioural dysregulation: addiction is, by definition, problems controlling consumptive behaviour. Mental illness is a broad generic label for a category of illnesses that may include affective or emotional problems, behavioural dysregulation, and cognitive dysfunction or impairment. Addictions include dependence and other drug use disorder listed under psychiatric disorders in both the World Health Organisation's International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision and the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th revision ( American Psychiatric Association 2000 Maddux and Desmond, 2000 Nathan, 1991).Īddiction is a form of mental illness, and as any mental illness, it is associated with stigma. Substances in this context include intoxicants, such as alcohol or heroin, or milder stimulants, such as caffeine or nicotine. Addiction more directly addresses the issue: I am addicted to heroin/cigarettes, which means that I suffer various consequences from using the drug, and I will need to think about whether I will accept these consequences, or do something about my addiction ( Maddux and Desmond, 2000).Īddictions are disorders related to use of substances. ![]() I generally prefer the term addiction, because the term dependence is sometimes used in a counter-therapeutic fashion: I depend on my heroin/cigarettes etc. The term dependence was introduced to reduce the stigma associated with addiction in the 50ties. ![]() ![]() In the following essay, I shall try to explore the meaning of this concept.Ī note on the term addiction: I shall use the term addiction, except when I refer to a specific diagnostic system that uses other terms. Optimism is fostered by the development of respectful ways of thinking about people with addictions, in particular, from advocates of motivational interviewing.Īddiction is a term that means compulsive physiological need for and use of a habit-forming substance (like heroin or nicotine), characterized by tolerance and well-defined physiological symptoms upon withdrawal it has also been used more broadly to refer to compulsive use of a substance known by the user to be physically, psychologically, or socially harmful ( Maddux and Desmond, 2000). But unfortunately, it has not been able to hinder the development of substance use problems. The almost universal prohibition against drugs such as opiates, cocaine, cannabis and amphetamine has much support. The addiction concept has also had a substantial influence on policy. But the concept of addiction is also used to distance the user from addicts, and in this way, may be counter-therapeutic. In the clinical context, addiction puts problem substance use on the agenda, and helps focus on the difficulties associated with drug use. The development of addictions is also influenced by environmental factors, and an interplay between the two. Addiction is multifactorially determined, with substantial genetic influence. But it is now considered a clinical syndrome. In the diagnostic nomenclature, addiction was originally included in the personality disorders along with other behaviours considered deviant. It is accepted as a mental illness in the diagnostic nomenclature and results in substantial health, social and economic problems. Addiction is compulsive need for and use of a habit-forming substance. ![]()
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